By Hannah Mitchell, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Ice Harbor Lock and Dam on the Snake River in Washington State boasts some of the most cutting-edge hydropower technology in the world. Two advanced technology turbines sit in the powerhouse, with a third on the way. These new turbines were designed to improve fish passage and generate electricity more efficiently.
However, the story of Ice Harbor’s powerhouse begins, not with cutting-edge technology, but with a mechanical failure. In January 1962, there was only one turbine-generator unit installed at the new dam. During a critical load rejection test on Jan. 5, the sudden loss of load caused the turbine to spin too fast. The blades of the turbine shifted outward, colliding with the discharge ring that encircled them.
The resulting damage put the unit out of commission for an entire year.
Ice Harbor Dam
Birth of the lower Snake River dams
At the beginning of the 1900s, there was a drive to harness the rivers of the Northwest for navigation and hydropower. To this end, the River and Harbor Act of 1916 directed examination of the lower Snake River for a series of locks and dams.
Multiple studies were performed, and in June 1938, House Document 704, 75th Congress, 3rd Session, was published. This report recommended, among other things, the construction of four dams on the lower Snake River.
However, it was not until 1945 when the River and Harbor Act authorized those four dams to be built. These dams would provide the region with navigation, irrigation access and, most importantly, hydropower.
Federal partnership
Hydropower is a clean, renewable and reliable energy source. As Congress authorized the construction of hydropower dams in the Northwest, it saw the potential to create abundant and affordable energy in the region. However, setting up the federal hydropower system was not without red tape.
When Bonneville Dam, the first dam on the lower Columbia River, was being constructed, there were debates about whether the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers could market the electricity its dams produced. These debates resulted in the Bonneville Power Administration being created in 1937. USACE would operate and maintain the dams it constructed; however, BPA would handle distribution of the hydropower.
Today, BPA is the federal agency responsible for marketing electricity produced by 31 federal dams in the Northwest that are operated by USACE and the Bureau of Reclamation. It also markets power from one nonfederal nuclear plant and several small nonfederal power plants.
USACE is now the single largest owner and operator of hydropower in the U.S., with 24% of the U.S. hydropower generating capacity. The dams on the Columbia and Snake rivers generate 63% of USACE hydropower.
New beginnings
The first and furthest downriver of the four lower Snake River dams was named Ice Harbor, a reference to a nearby ice-free cove used by boat operators in the late 1800s.
Planning for Ice Harbor Lock and Dam began in early 1948 with the USACE Portland District. In November 1948, USACE established the Walla Walla District and the Ice Harbor project was handed over, along with jurisdiction over the three remaining lower Snake River dams.
Before construction could begin, the project was put on hold. In June 1950, the Korean War began, and President Harry Truman put a freeze on new government construction projects. Ice Harbor Lock and Dam would remain in limbo for five years.
While the project was stuck in planning, engineers continued to tweak its design. These changes included increasing the number of turbine-generator units in the powerhouse from three to five, then six. The individual capacity for each turbine unit was also increased, from 65 MW to 90 MW.
These decisions would influence the designs of the future lower Snake River dams, whose powerhouses would come to exceed Ice Harbor’s in capacity.
Keeping the lights on
Construction finally began in early 1956, and by 1961 the first unit was installed. It produced commercial power for the first time on Dec. 18, 1961.
Ice Harbor turbine powerhouse
It was a promising beginning. However, a mechanical failure during critical load rejection tests in January 1962 resulted in extensive damage to the turbine. The unit had to be disassembled and was out of commission until February of the following year.
Despite the setback, two more units were installed and began generating power in February 1962. While the construction plans called for six units in the powerhouse, only three were to be installed right away. The plan was to install the remaining three sometime in 1980, as the region’s need for power generation increased.
However, the population of the Pacific Northwest grew much quicker than expected, and the oil embargo of 1973 led to an energy crisis across the U.S. BPA realized the power supply in the region would soon be exceeded by increasing demands. Something needed to be done.
The Walla Walla District responded by rushing to double the generating capacity of Ice Harbor and the other three dams on the lower Snake River. Each of the four would go from three units to six. Ice Harbor’s last three units were installed in 1976. The last unit on the lower Snake River was installed in 1979 at Lower Monumental Lock and Dam.
These efforts by the Walla Walla District helped prevent a detrimental power shortage in the region. Ice Harbor and the lower Snake River dams remain a vital part of the power grid to this day.
Balancing the grid
The power grid must be flexible and responsive. It must be able to rise and meet heavier loads, and it must be able to slow down to avoid damaging itself.
In the Pacific Northwest, hydropower provides about 60% of the region’s power needs.
The Pacific Northwest also uses wind and solar power to generate electricity. On their own, wind and solar cannot balance the power grid. The amount of electricity they produce rises and falls based on the amount of wind or sunlight available. This is problematic because the grid needs electricity production to rise and fall in response to energy demand, not weather.
Because of this fluctuation, the power grid needs an additional energy source, one that can pick up the slack when wind and solar aren’t available. Traditional sources like coal and natural gas can fill this need, but they cannot ramp up energy production fast enough to cover sudden drops in production by other power plants.
Hydropower, on the other hand, can start up quickly. A unit can go from producing 0 to 100 MW in about 2 minutes. It’s this kind of flexibility that allows the power grid to incorporate energy sources like wind and solar, by picking up hydropower during their sudden drops in power generation.
Modernizing hydropower
In 1995, the Turbine Survival Program, funded by BPA, began seeking ways to improve hydropower turbine units with regard to fish passage. The program assessed what factors led to injuries of fish passing through a turbine unit. This data allowed engineers to design turbines that would be safer for fish.
The Walla Walla District awarded a contract to Voith Hydro in 2010 to design and supply one fixed-blade turbine and two adjustable-blade turbines at Ice Harbor. A contract was awarded to Voith Hydro in 2016 to install the three new turbines.
The first of the three turbines, the fixed-blade, was installed in the Ice Harbor powerhouse on June 8, 2018. The first adjustable-blade turbine was installed June 2023.
These turbines are the first of their kind, designed by USACE personnel and Voith Hydro. The turbines were designed to improve fish passage. They also include greaseless components and improved seal technology to reduce incidents of oil leaking into the river. On top of being better environmentally, projections indicate the new turbines are 3% to 4% more efficient at generating electricity.
Living on the lower Snake River
Ice Harbor Lock and Dam was dedicated on May 9, 1962, the first of four dams on the lower Snake River. It was a big event, with the ceremony being performed by Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson.
Today, Ice Harbor is 61 years old, and the Walla Walla District is celebrating its 75th Anniversary on Nov. 1, 2023.
A lot has happened since the Ice Harbor powerhouse came online. Between 2017 and 2021, Ice Harbor has generated an average of 1,655,485 MWh every year for the region. On its own, it has the capacity to generate enough power for all of eastern Washington, except for Spokane.
And its capacity is not stagnant. The Walla Walla District is always leaning forward to make its projects better. The third modern turbine planned for Ice Harbor will be installed sometime in the next few years, representing another step toward hydropower that is more efficient and safer for fish.
