Renewable Energy World asks leading players in the industry for their verdicts on a key question of the moment. In this edition we asked for views on European onshore wind:

Onshore wind installations in Europe have slumped behind forecasts amid a protracted economic crisis. What does this mean for the future of onshore wind in Europe? And where should it now look for growth?

Justin Wu, Head of Wind Insight, Bloomberg New energy Finance

Onshore wind in Europe has peaked and is currently facing slow decline. We forecast the EU-27 to install a record 9.3 GW of onshore capacity in 2012, but for the total then to decline to less than 7 GW per year in 2013 and 2014 due to policy uncertainty in several large markets and the continuing financial crisis in southern Europe.

Further growth in the longer term would come from two areas: the emerging markets in Eastern Europe and the market for repowering of old turbines. There are several new markets in Eastern Europe such as Romania, Serbia, Croatia and the Ukraine that have growing electricity demand and excellent wind resources. They are implementing new policies to encourage wind development as they retire old coal-fired power plants, seek energy independence and increase their use of renewables to match EU standards. Further north, the Baltic countries, Finland and Sweden are also promising markets that are looking to accelerate growth in order to meet their targets.

Europe is also home to some of the oldest wind projects in the world and as these turbines age further, repowering or upgrading them to modern machines makes increasing economic sense. By 2020 there will be 12.8 GW of projects more than 20 years old in Europe that will need to be repowered and a further 24.5 GW between 14 and 18 years old with potentially high enough operational costs that will make repowering attractive. Most of this repowering will start in Denmark and Germany, but reach Spain and other European markets by the end of the decade.

Birger T. Madsen, Director, Navigant's BTM Consult ApS

Historically, Europe has been the leading continent in wind power development both in terms of installation and as a manufacturing base for wind turbines provided in the region and internationally.

The European market has suffered severely from the debt crisis, particularly in markets such as Spain, Italy, Greece and Portugal. The continent is characterised by low growth rates for its economy and there is no sign of a fast recovery in 2013 and 2014.

On the positive side, we have seen emerging markets which took off at around the same time that the economic crisis arrived in Europe. These emerging markets include Bulgaria, Romania, Poland and Turkey, and recently we have seen an old market, Sweden, accelerate its annual installation to a significantly higher level.

The crucial question is whether the activity in these new markets will be able to balance the loss in the mature southern European markets. The five emerging markets mentioned contributed with a combined 769 MW of new wind power in 2008 when the financial crisis began. In 2011, the same five countries accounted for 2301 MW, an increase of almost 300%. These markets are still in an early phase of exploiting their huge potential and are expected to maintain momentum similar to that experienced in 2011.

Further analysis indicates that total wind installation in Europe will grow from 10.2 GW in 2011 to 18.7 GW in 2016, equal to an average annual growth rate (AAGR) of 12.9%. After eliminating the estimated offshore installations from this forecast, the result is an expected AAGR of 9.5% for land-based wind. Note that in this forecast the four southern European markets (Spain, Italy, Greece and Portugal) are kept at their recent levels with a modest recovery beyond 2015 for Portugal and Italy.

Land-based wind in Europe will continue with steady development in the short to medium term, but increasing demand in new countries will change the mix within the European market. On the supply side there will be increased competition, primarily caused by other events in the international arena (such as uncertainty in the US and lack of progress for European OEMs in China). These competitive pressures will lead to a lower cost of electricity from land-based wind, which in the end fertilises long-term growth in the European region.

Raj Prabhu, Managing Partner, Mercom Capital

Europe has long been a leader in renewable energy policy, planning and development, and the onshore wind market is no exception, with almost 100 GW installed. Europe led in onshore installations in the early stages of market development before Asia and the US stepped up large-scale development.

There was barely any growth in installations for onshore wind in 2011 compared to 2010, and this may be a trend going forward - slow but steady installations, a sign of a mature market, and wind is the most mature of all renewable technologies. The EU directive to target 20% of renewable energy by 2020 gives the market some much needed policy certainty and stability and puts a floor under the market at least until 2020.

Countries in Southern Europe, most of which are in economic turmoil that doesn't look to improve anytime soon, accounted for almost one third of the onshore wind market last year. Subsidies tend to be one of the first expenditures to be placed on the chopping block when countries deal with debt.

It looks like this is the new normal for onshore wind in Europe, with growth remaining weak, at least for a while. Along with economic issues there are grid connectivity and land issues that come with a 100 GW wind market. The next phase of fast growth may come as the onshore wind market in Europe approaches grid parity and can compete with other sources of energy without subsidies. Policy support tends to be directed towards new and fast growing markets like offshore wind and small solar - onshore wind will have to adapt.

Overall it is a very challenging market out there for onshore wind. While you can look at some Eastern European countries like Romania, Poland, Ukraine, Latvia and others as possible markets that could pick up the slack for Europe, in the short term, market fundamentals will have to drive the next phase of growth in onshore wind for Europe.